Brucellosis: The Silent Threat to Livestock and Human Health - 신간POD상품

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Editor: Maryam Dadar

ISBN: 9780443300677

Imprint: Academic Press

Published: October, 2025

Pages: 498

Paperback

Description

Brucellosis: The Silent Threat to Livestock and Human Health offers an in-depth look into the challenges posed by brucellosis, including its prevention, control, diagnosis, and treatment in animals and humans. This zoonotic disease is a significant concern not only for animal health but also public health, creating an economic burden worldwide. As the first comprehensive reference on brucellosis in decades, this book provides valuable insights into combating and managing the disease in herds and communities. The book emphasizes the importance of the One Health approach, presenting a global perspective on brucellosis.

In addition, it discusses the contagious nature of the disease and its impact on livestock and humans, particularly those working in animal husbandry. The book serves as a foundation for new research, highlighting the need for further studies due to the lack of a cure for animals and the difficulties in treating humans.

Key features

• Reviews Brucellosis in cattle, goats, sheep, swine, and humans

• Covers prevention, control, clinical presentation, and treatment

• Presents diagnostic tools and techniques

• Identifies zoonotic transmission, epidemiology, and global distribution

• Includes case studies of outbreaks in both livestock and human populations

• Explores Brucellosis in food safety and processing

Readership

Veterinarians and Animal Health Professionals working in agriculture, livestock farming, and veterinary medicine - Researchers and Scientists in the fields of livestock science, food safety, epidemiology and infectious disease

Table of contents

1. Historical context and background of brucellosis in the world

1.1. History and spread of brucellosis across the world

1.2. Conclusion

References

2. Brucellosis throughout human history

2.1. Introduction

2.2. Early evidence of human brucellosis

2.3. Discovery of Brucella

2.3.1. An investigation on the island of Malta

2.4. Three diseases in one

2.5. Conclusion

References

3. The genetic diversity of Brucella species Marcela Sua´rez-Esquivel, Jeffrey T. Foster and Carine Rodrigues Pereira

3.1. Introduction

3.2. General characteristics of Brucella spp

3.3. Techniques to assess Brucella genetic diversity

3.3.1. Multiple-Locus Variable Number Tandem Repeat Analysis

3.3.2. WGS (Pangenome and SNP)

3.4. Evolution of Brucella from Ochrobactrum

3.5. Division into classical and atypical

3.6. Classical Brucella

3.6.1. Brucella melitensis

3.6.2. Brucella abortus

3.6.3. Brucella suis

3.6.4. Brucella ovis

3.6.5. Brucella neotomae

3.6.6. Brucella canis

3.6.7. Brucella ceti

3.6.8. Brucella pinnipedialis

3.6.9. Brucella microti

3.6.10. Brucella papionis

3.6.11. Brucella amazoniensis sp. nov

3.6.12. Brucella sp. F5/99

3.6.13. Brucella sp. BCCN84-3 and B. nosferati

3.7. Atypical Brucella

3.7.1. Brucella inopinata

3.7.2. BO2

3.7.3. Australian rodent Brucella strains

3.7.4. 09RB8471 and 10RB9215

3.7.5. Brucella vulpis

3.7.6. 141012304

3.7.7. B13-0095

3.7.8. 191011898

3.7.9. BO3

3.8. Conclusions

References

Part II

Pathogenesis and immunobiology of

brucellosis

4. Pathogenesis and immunopathological phenomena around Brucella infections

4.1. Clinical manifestations of human brucellosis

4.2. Inflammation induced by Brucella infections

4.3. Osteoarticular brucellosis

4.3.1. Bone structure: Interplay between forming and resorbing cells

4.3.2. Brucella and osteoblasts/ osteocytes: Dangerous liaisons

4.3.3. Brucella and synoviocytes: Beyond bone

4.3.4. Osteoclast activation by Brucella

4.4. Interactions of immune cells with bone cells in the context of Brucella infection

4.5. Brucella placental infection and pathological findings in the female reproductive tract

4.5.1. Trophoblasts at the center of the stage

4.5.2. In vitro approaches to understand Brucella abortion in humans

4.5.3. Immune response to Brucella infection in the maternal—fetal interface

4.6. Neurobrucellosis

4.6.1. Getting there: Brucella and the Trojan horse mechanism

4.6.2. Once inside: The negative loop between glial cells and BBB

4.6.3. Inflammation in the middle of the scene

4.6.4. Neurons as the ultimate target of the inflammation storm or neurons as the victim of this crime

4.7. Epididymoorchitis

4.8. Hepatic brucellosis

4.9. Cardiovascular brucellosis

4.10. Conclusion

References

5. Immunopathology in osteoarticular Brucella infection

5.1. Clinical aspect of osteoarticular human brucellosis

5.2. Spinal brucellosis

5.2.1. Spondylitis, spondylodiscitis, and discitis

5.2.2. Sacroiliitis

5.2.3. Peripheral skeleton

5.3. Bone and immune system cross-talk

5.4. Classical pathways in bone cells formation

5.5. Nonclassical pathways in bone cell formation

5.6. Interaction between Brucella and bone cells

5.6.1. Osteoclasts

5.6.2. Mesenchymal stem cells

5.6.3. Osteoblasts

5.6.4. Osteocytes

5.6.5. Synoviocytes

5.7. Animal model insights

5.8. Concluding remarks

References

Part III

Brucellosis in animals

6. Brucellosis in livestock and companion animals

6.1. Introduction

6.2. Public health significance

6.3. Brucellosis in livestock

6.3.1. Cattle

6.3.2. Goat

6.3.3. Sheep

6.3.4. Pig

6.3.5. Camel

6.3.6. Horse

6.4. Brucellosis in companion animal species

6.4.1. Dog

6.5. Etiology

6.6. Pathogenesis

6.6.1. Brucella invasion strategies and intracellular niche establishment

6.6.2. Target tissues and cellular tropism  

6.6.3. Sialic acid-mediated adherence and invasion: A gateway for Brucella pathogenesis

6.6.4. Orchestrating cellular entry: The role of cytoskeletal dynamics in Brucella invasion

6.6.5. Divergent host inflammatory responses to Brucella invasion routes

6.6.6. Oxidative stress and immune modulation

6.7. Intracellular survival and replication

6.7.1. Modulating phagosomal acidification

6.7.2. Inhibiting macrophage apoptosis

6.8. Brucella’s atypical virulence arsenal

6.8.1. Type IV secretion system (virB T4SS)

6.8.2. Brucella lipopolysaccharide

6.8.3. Pathogen-associated molecular patterns

6.8.4. Two-component sensory and regulatory system (BvrS/BvrR)

6.8.5. Cyclic β-glucan

6.9. Brucella dissemination, target tissues, and manipulation of host processes

6.9.1. Dissemination and tissue tropism

6.9.2. A selective tropism for the reproductive tract

6.9.3. Brucella—host interactions in the placenta

6.9.4. Erythritol: A complex role in pathogenesis

6.9.5. Targeted replication and placental disruption

6.9.6. Endothelial invasion and villous necrosis

6.9.7. A cascade culminating in pregnancy loss

6.10. Clinical signs

6.10.1. Factors influencing clinical presentation

6.10.2. Reproductive sequelae in female animals

6.10.3. Mammary gland pathology

6.10.4. Testicular inflammation and impaired fertility

6.10.5. Musculoskeletal manifestations

6.10.6. Reproductive disruption in doeand ewe

6.10.7. Reproductive pathology in buckand ram

6.10.8. Equine brucellosis

6.10.9. Porcine brucellosis

6.10.10. Canine brucellosis

6.11. Epidemiology

6.12. Geographic distribution of Brucella species and biovars

6.12.1. Asia

6.12.2. Africa

6.12.3. America

6.12.4. Europe

6.13. Risk factors

6.13.1. Livestock production practices and brucellosis prevalence

6.13.2. Seasonal and sex-based epidemiological patterns in brucellosis

6.13.3. Breed and brucellosis susceptibility: A complex relationship

6.13.4. Age-dependent susceptibility in bovine brucellosis

6.14. Transmission

6.14.1. Ingestion: The predominant route in livestock

6.14.2. Inhalation

6.14.3. Direct contact and fomite transmission

6.14.4. Introduction of infected animals: A critical consideration

6.14.5. Vertical and perinatal transmission: A potential concern

6.14.6. Venereal transmission

6.14.7. Per-conjunctival transmission

6.14.8. Urinary excretion

6.14.9. B. abortus shedding in equine hosts

6.14.10. Wildlife reservoirs

6.14.11. Ticks as vectors

6.15. Economic impact of brucellosis

6.15.1. Direct production losses

6.15.2. Indirect economic consequences

6.15.3. Economic modeling and impact on individual animals

6.15.4. Reproductive losses in ovine herds

6.15.5. Distinct challenges in swine production

6.15.6. Economic considerations for brucellosis control programs

6.15.7. Global economic significance of brucellosis contro

6.16. Prevention and control

6.17. Success stories and ongoing challenges

6.18. Challenges and future directions: Novel

strategies and data exploration

AI disclosure

References

7. Brucellosis in dogs: epidemiology, diagnosis, and public health concerns

7.1. Introduction

7.2. Epidemiology

7.3. The pathogenesis of B. canis

7.4. Clinical manifestations

7.5. Diagnosis

7.6. Prognosis and treatment in dogs

7.7. Control and prevention

7.8. Risk factor

7.9. Public health concerns

7.10. Conclusion

References

8. Brucellosis in aquatic mammals

8.1. Introduction

8.2. Brucella infection in aquatic mammals

8.2.1. Marine Brucella in other species

8.3. Distribution

8.4. Impact on the health of aquatic mammals

8.4.1. Clinical signs

8.4.2. Lesions

8.4.3. Consequences for populations

8.5. Transmission

8.5.1. Transmission routes

8.5.2. Risk factors

8.6. Diagnosis of Brucella in aquatic mammals

8.6.1. Direct diagnosis

8.6.2. Indirect diagnosis

8.6.3. Diagnostic challenges

8.7. Zoonosis and health surveillance

8.8. Conclusions

AI disclosure

References

9. Wildlife as reservoirs of brucellosis and its transmission

9.1. Introduction

9.2. Diagnosis of Brucella in wildlife

9.3. Wildlife as a potential reservoir

9.4. Terrestrial reservoirs

9.4.1. Brucellosis in wild avian species

9.4.2. Brucellosis in amphibians

9.4.3. Brucellosis in large terrestrial animals

9.4.4. Brucellosis in small and mediumsized terrestrial animals

9.4.5. Brucellosis in bovidae

9.4.6. Brucellosis in cervidae

9.4.7. Brucellosis in wild snake

9.4.8. Brucellosis in rodents

9.4.9. Ticks as biological carrier

9.5. Aquatic reservoir

9.6. Transmission

9.6.1. Transmission of brucellosis between animals

9.6.2. Factors influencing susceptibility and transmission in wildlife populations

9.6.3. Interactions between infected wildlife and domestic animals

9.6.4. Strategies for minimizing transmission within and between wildlife populations

9.7. Human health concerns

9.7.1. Routes of transmission from wildlife to humans

9.7.2. Epidemiology of human brucellosis cases linked to wildlife exposure

9.7.3. Prevention and control measures for at-risk populations

9.8. Conclusion

References

Part IV

Zoonotic transmission

10. Occupational exposure to Brucella spp. and risk behaviors in exposed professions

Elaine Dorneles, Andrey Lage and Carine Rodrigues Pereira

10.1. History, epidemiology, and contextualization

10.2. Occupational character

10.2.1. Farmers, rural workers, and cowboys

10.2.2. Butchers

10.2.3. Veterinarians

10.2.4. Vaccine industry workers

10.2.5. Microbiologists

10.2.6. Kennel employees and animal shelter workers

10.2.7. Hunters

10.3. Clinical signs

10.4. Diagnosis

10.5. Treatment

10.6. Control and prevention

10.7. Health education

10.8. Conclusions

References

11. Brucellosis in Tanzania and Rwanda: Current status, challenges, and control strategies

11.1. Introduction

11.2. Epidemiology and prevalence of brucellosis in Tanzania and Rwanda

11.3. Economic impact of brucellosis in Tanzania and Rwanda

11.4. Risk factors and transmission of brucellosis in Tanzania and Rwanda

11.4.1. Limited community awareness and education

11.4.2. Diverse livestock management practices

11.4.3. Wildlife-livestock interface and brucellosis transmission

11.4.4. Lack of biosecurity practices

11.4.5. Cross-border livestock movement and trade

11.4.6. Cultural considerations and gender roles

11.5. Current control strategies for brucellosis

11.5.1. Test-and-slaughter programs

11.5.2. Vaccination programs

11.6. Proposed control strategies

11.7. Research and funding needs

11.8. Implementation challenges and critical requirements for brucellosis control

11.9. Conclusion

AI disclosure

References

Part V

Diagnostic tools and techniques

12. Diagnostic tools and techniques for Brucella detection

12.1. Introduction

12.2. Safety considerations

12.3. Indirect diagnosis

12.3.1. Acidified antigen modifications (RBT and BPAT)

12.3.2. Serum agglutination test (SAT)

12.3.3. Complement fixation test

12.3.4. Rivanol precipitation

12.3.5. Milk ring test

12.3.6. Fluorescence polarization assay (FPA)

12.3.7. Native hapten test (NHT)

12.3.8. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)

12.3.9. Precipitation tests

12.3.10. Brucellin skin test (BST)

12.4. Direct methods

12.4.1. Culture methods

12.4.2. Polymerase chain reaction(PCR)

12.4.3. Real-time PCR (RT-PCR)

12.4.4. Nested and seminested PCR

12.5. Advanced techniques

12.5.1. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-offlight mass spectrometry(MALDI-TOF MS)

12.5.2. Next-generation sequencing(NGS)

12.6. Detection of smooth and rough isolates of Brucella spp

12.7. Sensitivity and specificity of tests

12.8. Conclusion

References

13. Pathology of brucellosis in livestock

13.1. Introduction

13.2. Pathology of brucellosis in small ruminants

13.2.1. Brucella melitensis

13.2.2. Brucella ovis

13.2.3. Brucella abortus

13.3. Pathology of brucellosis in cattle and other domestic bovids

13.3.1. Brucella abortus

13.3.2. Brucella suis

13.3.3. Brucella melitensis

13.4. Pathology of brucellosis in pigs

13.4.1. Brucella suis

13.4.2. Brucella melitensis and B. abortus

13.5. Pathology of brucellosis in domestic camelids

13.5.1. Brucella melitensis

13.5.2. Brucella abortus

13.5.3. Brucella suis

13.6. Pathology of brucellosis in other animals raised for human consumption

13.6.1. Brucella abortus and Brucella suis in horses

13.6.2. Brucella microti-like infection in frogs raised for human consumption

13.6.3. A note on Brucella spp.

infection in the hunting and

fishing context

References

Part VI

Clinical manifestations in humans

14. Brucellosis: Clinical manifestations in humans

14.1. Introduction

14.2. Systemic brucellosis

14.3. Focal brucellosis

14.3.1. Osteoarticular infections

14.3.2. Genitourinary infections

14.3.3. Skin and soft tissue manifestations

14.3.4. Neurobrucellosis

14.3.5. Cardiovascular infections

14.3.6. Digestive system infections

14.3.7. Respiratory infections

14.3.8. Ocular manifestations

14.4. Relapses and chronic brucellosis

14.5. Brucellosis in children

14.6. Brucellosis in pregnant women

14.7. Brucellosis in the immunocompromised and transplanted patient

14.8. Differential diagnosis of brucellosis

14.9. Conclusion

References

15. Rare cases of human brucellosis

15.1. Introduction

15.2. Rare clinical cases of brucellosis

15.2.1. Focal osteoarticular disease

15.2.2. Cardiovascular rare cases

15.2.3. Pulmonary rare cases

15.2.4. Neurological rare cases

15.2.5. Rare hematological cases

15.2.6. Skin lesions

15.2.7. Rare cases of the digestive system

15.2.8. Focal hepatic disease

15.2.9. Focal ophthalmologic disease

15.2.10. Urogenital brucellosis

15.2.11. Miscellaneous

15.3. Brucella in the immunocompromised host

15.4. Rare ways of Brucella transmission to humans

15.5. Human infection by rare Brucella species

15.6. Conclusion

References

Part VII

Prevention and control in animals

16. The science of brucellosis elimination

16.1. Introduction

16.2. Historical examples of brucellosis elimination

16.3. Principles of brucellosis control

16.4. Animal—human brucellosis transmission models

16.5. Framework conditions for elimination

16.6. Case studies on brucellosis control

16.6.1. Brucellosis control in Mongolia

16.6.2. Brucellosis control in Armenia

16.6.3. Brucellosis control in the Middle East

16.6.4. Brucellosis in Ethiopia

16.7. Cross-sector economics of brucellosis control

16.8. Toward a game-theoretical approach to brucellosis elimination

16.9. Assessment of freedom of brucellosis

16.10. Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

17. Brucellosis control, eradication, and prevention

17.1. Introduction

17.2. Definitions

17.3. Choosing an appropriate strategy

17.3.1. Factors influencing strategy selection electronic versions of this book.

17.3.2. Strategy selection framework

17.3.3. One Health perspective

17.3.4. Adaptive management

17.3.5. Statement of objectives and definition of indicators to evaluate activities and achievements

17.3.6. Planning of activities and data flows

17.4. Prevention of human infection

17.5. Control program

17.5.1. Vaccination programs

17.5.2. Vaccination strategies

17.5.3. Challenges in brucellosis vaccination

17.5.4. Integration with other control measures

17.5.5. Transition to test-and-slaughter policies

17.5.6. Herd accreditation and separation

17.6. Eradication program

17.6.1. Test-and-slaughter policies

17.6.2. Implementation steps for a brucellosis eradication program

17.6.3. Addressing challenges in caprine and ovine brucellosis

17.6.4. Movement control and restrictions

17.6.5. Surveillance of human brucellosis

17.6.6. Special topics for eradication programs

17.7. Conclusions

17.7.1. Main requirements for brucellosis control and eradication

17.7.2. Main constraints in brucellosis control and eradication

17.8. Recommendations

References

18. Comprehensive strategies for brucellosis control in endemic areas

18.1. Introduction

18.2. Veterinary strategies for control of brucellosis in endemic areas

18.3. Serological diagnoses of infected animals as the critical part of the test-and-slaughter policy

18.4. Animal vaccination in control program of brucellosis

18.5. Supplementary measures in the control program of brucellosis

18.6. Human health interventions

18.7. Integrated one-health approach

18.8. Community engagement and social mobilization

18.9. Addressing challenges and gaps

18.10. Conclusion

References

19. Efficacy of Brucella vaccine strains: S19, RB51, and Rev-1

19.1. Introduction

19.2. How to evaluate vaccine efficacy

19.3. Ideal vaccine for brucellosis

19.4. History, characteristics, and efficacy of the vaccine strains currently used for brucellosis control

19.4.1. S19 vaccine strain

19.4.2. RB51 vaccine strain

19.4.3. Rev.1 vaccine strain

19.4.4. Other live vaccines

19.5. Factors that may impact efficacy and other vaccination aspects of brucellosis

19.5.1. Intrinsic host factors

19.5.2. Vaccine and administration factors

19.6. Final considerations: Beyond vaccine

efficacy

References

Part VIII

Prevention and control in humans

20. Therapeutic advances in human brucellosis

20.1. Introduction

20.2. Pharmacology of antibiotics

20.2.1. Doxycycline

20.2.2. Rifampicin

20.2.3. Aminoglycosides

20.2.4. Fluoroquinolones

20.2.5. Trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole

20.2.6. Streptomycin

20.2.7. Tigecycline

20.3. Antibiotic treatment

20.3.1. Proposed regimens for uncomplicated brucellosis

20.3.2. Proposed regimens for focal disease

20.3.3. Proposed regimens for pregnant women

20.3.4. Proposed regimens for children

20.4. Complications

20.4.1. Osteoarticular complications

20.4.2. Neurological complications

20.4.3. Cardiovascular complications

20.4.4. Other complications

20.5. Prophylaxis and general recommendations

20.5.1. Avoiding the consumption of unpasteurized dairy products

20.5.2. Implementing vaccination campaigns for livestock in endemic regions

20.5.3. Promoting the use of personal protective equipment

20.5.4. Public health education

20.5.5. Screening and monitoring of at-risk populations

20.6. Brucellosis in children

20.7. Brucellosis in pregnant women

20.8. Recurrent or resistant brucellosis

20.8.1. Management of relapses and resistance

20.9. Treatment strategies for severe or chronic infections

20.10. New therapeutic approaches

20.11. Monitoring and follow-up of patients

20.11.1. Serological testing

20.11.2. Imaging studies

20.11.3. Reevaluation of treatment

20.11.4. Long-term follow-up

20.11.5. Monitoring for adverse effects

20.12. Conclusions and future perspectives

20.12.1. Advances in treatment

20.12.2. Challenges in treatment adherence

20.12.3. Public health and vaccination programs 

20.12.4. Future perspectives

References

21. Medicinal plants used in the treatment of brucellosis

21.1. Brucellosis: An overview

21.1.1. History

21.1.2. Pathogen

21.1.3. Routes of transmission

21.1.4. Clinical signs and symptoms

21.1.5. Diagnosis

21.1.6. Geographical distribution and negative effects

21.2. Brucellosis treatment and surveillance

21.3. Brucellosis treatment by medicinal plants and their derived products

21.3.1. Ethnobotany investigations

21.3.2. In vitro investigations

21.3.3. In vivo investigations

21.4. Future prospects and challenges in the treatment of brucellosis

21.5. Conclusion

References

Part IX

One health approach

22. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) relating to brucellosis: Unveiling the vital role of publicawareness

22.1. Introduction

22.2. Knowledge of brucellosis that is important for farmers

22.2.1. Understanding the disease by farmers

22.2.2. Symptoms and complications of animal disease in farm

22.2.3. Modes of transmission in animal brucellosis

22.2.4. Preventive measures

22.3. Attitudes toward brucellosis

22.3.1. Perceived severity and susceptibility

22.3.2. Cultural beliefs and stigma

22.3.3. Trust in healthcare systems for control of animal brucellosis

22.4. Public awareness

22.4.1. Public education on transmission routes and prevention of animal brucellosis

22.4.2. Media campaigns

22.4.3. Community engagement

22.5. Improved livestock management practices

22.6. Collaborative efforts

22.6.1. Government policies and programs

22.6.2. Healthcare and veterinary services

22.6.3. International cooperation

22.7. Knowledge, attitude, and practice among high-risk occupations

22.8. Knowledge, attitude, and practice among pastoral and rural communities

22.9. Conclusion

References

23. One health approach to brucellosis in SE Europe

23.1. Introduction

23.2. Researched geographical and timeframes

23.3. An overview of historical brucellosis data, as well as surveillance and eradication strategies

23.4. Country-by-country insights on brucellosis, 1999—2024

23.4.1. Albania

23.4.2. Bosnia and Herzegovina

23.4.3. Bulgaria

23.4.4. Croatia

23.4.5. Greece

23.4.6. Kosovo

23.4.7. Montenegro

23.4.8. North Macedonia

23.4.9. Romania

23.4.10. Serbia

23.5. Brucella canis, a zoonotic agent reborn in the COVID era

23.6. Conclusion and perspectives

References

Part X

Emerging trends and future prospects

24. Challenges posed by antibiotic

resistance in human and animal

brucellosis

24.1. Introduction

24.2. Epidemiology of brucellosis and Brucella control program

24.3. Antibiotic treatment of animal brucellosis

24.3.1. Antibiotic treatment in livestock

24.3.2. Antibiotic treatment in companion animals

24.4. Antibiotic treatment of human brucellosis

24.5. Antibiotic resistances in animal and human brucellosis

24.6. Factors contributing to antibiotic resistance

24.7. One Health approach to antibiotic resistance

24.8. Future directions and research priorities

24.9. Conclusion

References

25. Antimicrobial resistance of Brucella melitensis

25.1. Introduction

25.2. AMR―Principles, mechanisms, and contributing factors

25.3. The basics of antimicrobial resistance

25.4. Resistance mechanisms

25.5. Factors contributing to the occurrence and spread of AMR

25.6. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing

25.6.1. Phenotypic methods

25.6.2. Broth microdilution

25.6.3. Agar dilution

25.6.4. Antimicrobial gradient method

25.6.5. Disc diffusion method

25.6.6. Molecular-based methods

25.6.7. PCR-based assays

25.6.8. Sequencing techniques

25.7. Phenotypic resistance in B. melitensis

25.8. Patterns and drivers of phenotypic AMR in B. melitensis

25.8.1. Tetracyclines

25.8.2. Rifampin

25.8.3. Aminoglycosides

25.8.4. Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole

25.8.5. Fluoroquinolones

25.8.6. Cephalosporins

25.8.7. Macrolides

25.9. Future perspectives and conclusions

References

Part XI

Brucellosis in food safety and

processing

26. Brucellosis in food safety

26.1. Introduction

26.2. Brucella spp. and foodborne transmission

26.2.1. Pathways of transmission to humans

26.2.2. Risk factors for foodborne transmission

26.3. Detection and identification of Brucella spp. in food

26.3.1. Microbiological techniques

26.3.2. Molecular techniques

26.3.3. Serological techniques

26.3.4. Emerging technologies

26.4. Survival of Brucella spp. in food

26.4.1. Brucella survival in culture media

26.4.2. Brucella survival in food products

26.5. Reservoirs of infection

26.5.1. Animals

26.5.2. Milk products and retail

26.5.3. Meat and slaughter practices

26.5.4. Interhuman transmission―Breastfeeding

26.6. Prevention and control measures

26.6.1. Farm-level interventions

26.6.2. Food industry practices

26.6.3. Public awareness campaigns

26.6.4. International guidelines

26.7. Conclusions

About the editor

Maryam Dadar

Maryam Dadar, DVM, PhD, is currently a researcher at the Veterinary Council of Iran, Tehran, Iran. She s an Assistant Professor in the Department of Brucellosis at the Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute in Iran. Her extensive expertise lies in the field of microbiology and molecular biology, with main areas of research in zoonotic diseases, microbial risk assessments, Brucellosis prevention and control, and One Health. She has published articles in numerous international journals, edited books including an Elsevier title on brucellosis, and serves as an editor and is on the editorial board of a number of journals such as Microbial Risk Analysis (Elsevier). Dr. Dadar actively participates in international, multidisciplinary research collaborations with colleagues in Germany, United Kingdom, United States, and Pakistan and in educational initiatives aimed at advancing the scientific foundations of zoonotic infections, veterinary science, and molecular medicine.